Which of the Following Best Describes the Concert of Europe

          

            Questions 1-3
            refer to the following information.
          

            Read the following excerpt.
          
          
The revolutionary seed had penetrated into every country and spread more or less. It was greatly developed under the régime of the military despotism of Bonaparte. His conquests displaced a number of laws, institutions, and customs; broke through bonds sacred among all nations, strong enough to resist time itself; which is more than can be said of certain benefits conferred by these innovators.
          
The monarchs will fulfil the duties imposed upon them by Him who, by entrusting them with power, has charged them to watch over the maintenance of justice, and the rights of all, to avoid the paths of error, and tread firmly in the way of truth. Placed beyond the passions which agitate society, it is in days of trial chiefly that they are called upon to despoil realities of their false appearances, and to show themselves as they are, fathers invested with the authority belonging by right to the heads of families, to prove that, in days of mourning, they know how to be just, wise, and therefore strong, and that they will not abandon the people whom they ought to govern to be the sport of factions, to error and its consequences, which must involve the loss of society.
          
Union between the monarchs is the basis of the policy which must now be followed to save society from total ruin. . . .
          
Let them not confound concessions made to parties with the good they ought to do for their people, in modifying, according to their recognized needs, such branches of the administration as require it.
          
Let them be just, but strong; beneficent, but strict.
          
Let them maintain religious principles in all their purity, and not allow the faith to be attacked and morality interpreted according to the social contract or the visions of foolish sectarians.
          
Let them suppress Secret Societies; that gangrene of society.
          
—Klemens von Metternich,
            Political Confession of Faith, 1820
        

1.
Which of the following was the greatest cause of the fears expressed by Metternich in the document above?

A. The ideas of personal liberty and nationalism conceived during the Enlightenment resulted in radical revolutions that could spread throughout Europe.

B. The conquest of Europe by Napoleon led to the creation of new factions and shifted the European balance of power.

C. The power of monarchs had grown to the point where it needed to be checked by other powers within each nation or domination of civilians would occur.

D. The rising and falling economic cycle of the newly emerging capitalist economy could lead to civilian unrest that must be suppressed.

2.
The final result of the negotiations led by Metternich during the Congress of Vienna is being referenced in the document above in which of the following ways?

A. Metternich’s statement about the military despotism of Bonaparte led to the elimination of all empires in Europe.

B. Metternich’s statement about fulfilling duties indicated his support for the Holy Alliance that controlled the fate of Europe.

C. Metternich’s statement about the unity of monarchs alludes to the creation of the Concert of Europe.

D. Metternich’s disgust for secret societies led to the creation of the Carlsbad Decrees.

3.
Which of the following is the best description of the goals of the new ideology of conservatism as it was explained by Metternich?

A. The suppression of all new ideas in every field to prevent any changes to society.

B. The suppression of nationalist and liberal revolutions that called for democratic and economic reforms.

C. The suppression of secret societies in hopes of spreading democracy to the masses.

D. The suppression of political change only while allowing economic and social change.

          

            Questions 4-6
            refer to the following information.
          

            Read the following excerpt.
          
          
If civilized education developed in every child its natural inclinations, we should see nearly all rich children enamored of various very plebeian occupations, such as that of the mason, the carpenter, the smith, the saddler. I have instanced Louis the XVI, who loved the trade of locksmith; an Infanta of Spain preferred that of shoemaker; a certain king of Denmark gratified himself by manufacturing syringes; the former king of Naples loved to sell the fish he had caught in the market-place himself; the prince of Parma, whom Condillac had trained in metaphysical subtitles, in the understanding of intuition, of cognition, had no taste but for the occupation of church-warden and lay-brother.
          
The great majority of wealthy children would follow these plebeian tastes, if civilized education did not oppose the development of them; and if the filthiness of the workshops and the coarseness of the workmen did not arouse a repugnance stronger than the attraction. What child of a prince is there who has no taste for one of the four occupations I have just mentioned, that of mason, carpenter, smith, saddler, and who would not advance in them if he beheld from an early age the work carried on in blight workshops, by refined people, who would always arrange a miniature workshop for children, with little implements and light labor?
          
—Charles Fourier,
            On Education, 1838
        

4.
Which of the following groups of intellectuals would Fourier belong to, according to the document above?

A. Utilitarians

B. Laissez-faire capitalists

C. Utopian socialists

D. Marxist communists

5.
What nation experimented with utilizing the ideas of Fourier and others like him to create national workshops in 1848?

A. Germany

B. France

C. Great Britain

D. Austria

6.
Many in Fourier’s circles advocated for universal male suffrage, which was propagated most by which of the following groups?

A. Luddites

B. Liberals

C. Benthamites

D. Chartists

          

            Questions 7-9
            refer to the following information.
          

            Image 1
          
          

            
          
          
—Dance Song, portrait of a family at home in Germany, by Hugo Bürkner, 1854
          

            Image 2
          
          

            
          
          

            —"Some foolish people imagine our ladies will neglect their family duties. Quite a mistake."
            Cartoon from
            Punch Magazine, 1887
        

7.
To which of the following is the material prosperity evident in
Image 1
partially attributable?

A. The increasing standard of living of German industrial workers

B. The social welfare policies instituted by governments of the Germanic states

C. The adoption by the Frankfurt Parliament of a liberal constitution for Germany

D. The restoration of political stability in the aftermath of the Congress of Vienna

8.
A historian of nineteenth-century European society is most likely to use
Image 2
as evidence that

A. Many women used the revolutions of 1848 as an opportunity to express their sexuality more freely.

B. Many men were becoming more involved in child-rearing and household management.

C. Many men feared that women’s participation in the public sphere would undermine the established social order.

D. Many women were increasingly taking on the role of decision-maker in their families.

9.
Which of the following transformations in the ideals of family life and gender roles during the late 19th century is expressed in the images above?

A. The ideals were largely overcome by socialist notions of collective child rearing.

B. The ideals were increasingly adopted by working-class families.

C. The ideals were modified to accommodate the fact that most women had become part of the paid workforce.

D. The professional and academic journals of the time recommended fathers becoming less involved in child rearing.

          

            Questions 10-12
            refer to the following information.
          

            The text below is the government proclamation.
          
          
On the basis of the above-mentioned new arrangements, the serfs will receive in time the full rights of free rural inhabitants.
          
The nobles, while retaining their property rights to all the lands belonging to them, grant the peasants perpetual use of their household plots in return for a specified obligation[; . . . the nobles] grant them a portion of arable land fixed by the said arrangements as well as other property. . . . While enjoying these land allotments, the peasants are obliged, in return, to fulfill obligations to the noblemen fixed by the same arrangements. In this status, which is temporary, the peasants are temporarily bound. . . .
          [T]hey are granted the right to purchase their household plots, and, with the consent of the nobles, they may acquire in full ownership the arable lands and other properties which are allotted them for permanent use. Following such acquisition of full ownership of land, the peasants will be freed from their obligations to the nobles for the land thus purchased and will become free peasant landowners.

          
WE have deemed it advisable:
          
3. To organize Peace Offices on the estates of the nobles, leaving the village communes as they are, and to open cantonal offices in the large villages and unite small village communes.
          
4. To formulate, verify, and confirm in each village commune or estate a charter which will specify, on the basis of local conditions, the amount of land allotted to the peasants for permanent use, and the scope of their obligations to the nobleman for the land.
          
6. Until that time, peasants and household serfs must be obedient towards their nobles, and scrupulously fulfill their former obligations.
          
7. The nobles will continue to keep order on their estates, with the right of jurisdiction and of police, until the organization of cantons and of cantonal courts.
          
—Alexander II, "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia," Manifesto of February 19, 1861
        

10.
Which of the following best articulates the new conditions for the recently emancipated serfs of Russia as stated in the above passage?

A. The tsar’s manifesto allowed for a heterogeneous class of farmers to emerge, with many former serfs becoming quite prosperous while others struggled.

B. The manifesto was mostly ineffective in improving the economic condition of former serfs, but paved the way for local self-rule and, soon after, a national legislature.

C. The tsar’s insistence on cooperation between the nobility and recently emancipated people limited the financial potential of all impacted by the manifesto.

D. The manifesto, although emancipating the serfs, saddled them with financial responsibilities and other restrictions, while the aristocracy retained too many of their former rights.

11.
Which of the following was a major impetus in convincing Tsar Alexander II of the necessity of freeing the serfs?

A. Recent defeat in the Crimean War convinced the tsar some domestic reforms were necessary.

B. Enlightened rulers in Prussia and Austria had recently done the same, which pressured Alexander II to act.

C. The Decembrist Revolt and its aftermath had convinced the young tsar to make reforms.

D. A labor force to complete the Trans-Siberian Railroad was needed as well as military recruits.

12.
Which of the following best describes the long-term effects of Tsar Alexander II’s emancipation?

A. Food production soared, which allowed Russians to export agricultural goods while investing the profits into their industrial sector.

B. The program was a complete disaster as agricultural output plummeted until Pyotr Stolypin’s reforms made privatized Russian farming profitable.

C. The emancipation terms relegated former serfs to communal farming, thus keeping them in perpetual poverty, and made wealthy conservatives nervous.

D. No longer tied to the land, former serfs moved to the cities, thus spurning the commencement of an industrial revolution in Russia.